STOCK MARKET valuations have been higher than the historical averages for much of the past three decades. For instance, since year-end 1989, the companies in the S&P 500 have traded at an average 24.5 times trailing 12-month reported earnings, versus 13.5 for the 40 years prior to that. Similarly, the S&P 500’s dividend yield has averaged 2% since 1989, versus 4.1% for the prior four decades.
Faced with those sharply higher valuations, pundits have regularly warned that a great reckoning is at hand and that share prices will soon revert to more normal valuations. But normal valuations have not returned.
Why not? Some observers contend that today’s higher valuations should be expected, given the lower interest rates of recent decades, and that we’ll see more normal valuations if interest rates remain elevated. There’s certainly merit to that argument: If bonds—the main alternative to stocks—are offering low returns, stocks do indeed become more attractive. And sure enough, when bond yields rose in 2022, we saw a decline in share prices, though not a return to average historical valuations.
While low interest rates may partly explain today’s higher valuations, arguably they don’t explain them entirely. Instead, it seems four other factors may also be at work. First, investment costs have fallen sharply since the mid-1970s. If investors have a target after-cost rate of return, they can now achieve that target with lower pre-cost results—thereby justifying today’s higher stock and bond valuations, and hence lower expected returns.
Second, after decades of prosperity, investors may now have a greater appetite for risk. To be sure, the 2008-09 Great Recession, the 2020 coronavirus crash and 2022’s bear market were wakeup calls, but the economic pain was far less than that inflicted by the Great Depression of the 1930s. Result: Investors today are more comfortable owning stocks, with their potential for superior long-run performance.
Third, as the world has grown richer, the pool of financial capital has grown larger. That capital is chasing a limited array of investment opportunities—and all that buying pressure has not only driven bond yields down, but also share prices higher.
Finally, it seems yardsticks like price-earnings (P/E) ratios and dividend yields may not properly reflect the value of today’s corporations. Why not? Many companies now direct their extra cash toward stock buybacks rather than dividends. Meanwhile, current accounting principles penalize the reported earnings of companies that spend heavily on research and development. That includes the giant technology companies that dominate today’s stock market. These tech companies invest heavily in creating intellectual capital, leading to low reported earnings and hence high P/E ratios, and that makes the entire stock market appear more expensive.
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